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Paraherquamide E is a paraherquamide alkaloid and 14C-deshydroxy paraherquamide analog found in Aspergillus aculeatus GC-147‑5 and Penicillium charlesii, with insecticidal and reproductive toxicant activity, high selectivity, and negligible toxicity to nontarget ladybugs[1].Paraherquamide E disrupts fatty acid synthesis, inhibits vitellogenin production, alters metabolic homeostasis, induces ovarian abnormalities, and causes Asian citrus psyllid mortality, while remaining inactive against Asian citrus psyllid cholinergic systems[1].

Paraherquamide E (4.84-29.08 μg/mL; spray; single administration) exhibited strong insecticidal activity against adult Asian citrus psyllids, with LD50 values of 29.08 μg/mL (12 h) and 19.93 μg/mL (24 h). The compound functions by disrupting metabolic homeostasis, fatty acid synthesis, vitellogenin production, and ovarian development, with no direct impact on the cholinergic system [1].

Paraherquamide E (50-2000 μg/mL; spray; single dose) exhibits extremely low toxicity to nontarget ladybugs, with LD50 values exceeding 2000 μg/mL at 48 and 60 hours post-treatment [1].

Paraherquamide E (11.17 μg/mL; 7 days) causes ovarian abnormalities in adult female Asian citrus psyllids when applied to fifth-instar nymphs [1].

The toxicity of paraherquamide E (50-2000 μg/mL; 48-60 hours) to adult Harmonia axyridis is negligible, with LD50 values exceeding 2000 μg/mL at both 48 and 60 hours [1]. Paraherquamide E (50-2000 μg/mL; spray; single administration) exhibits extremely low toxicity to nontarget ladybugs, with LD50 values >2000 μg/mL at 48 and 60 hours post-treatment [1].

Treatment with Paraherquamide E (11.17 μg/mL; 24 h) reduced the free fatty acid content in adult Asian citrus psyllid bodies, with an exposure duration of 24 hours [1].

Paraherquamide E (11.17 μg/mL; 6-24 h) transiently inhibits the expression of vitellogenin and fatty acid synthesis genes in adult Asian citrus psyllids, while exhibiting a biphasic regulatory effect on the expression of PPIF and H2B genes over 6-24 hours [1].

Paraherquamide E (11.17 μg/mL; 12 h) alters gene expression in adult Asian citrus psyllid and significantly impacts nutrient storage activity, lipid transport activity, and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways [1].

Paraherquamide E (4.84–19.93 μg/mL; 24 h) disrupts the metabolic homeostasis of adult citrus psyllids (Diaphorina citri) by altering the activities of alanine aminotransferase, glutamate decarboxylase, and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, as well as the levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid, but has no effect on the cholinergic system [1].

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