3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB) is an intermediate in the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid valine that is secreted by skeletal muscle. It dose-dependently increases fatty acid uptake by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 mM. 3-HIB also increases fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation in mouse skeletal muscle when administered in drinking water. The levels of 3-HIB in muscle are increased in db/db diabetic mice and in humans with diabetes. Human plasma levels are increased in obesity and correlate with a future risk of type 2 diabetes. In addition, human serum levels of 3-HIB decrease by 2.5-fold immediately following an exercise regimen of 2.5 hours of running for three days.
3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (sodium salt) is an intermediate in the metabolic pathways of L-valine and thymine, and can be found in urine. 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (sodium salt) is a secreted mediator of endothelial cell fatty acid transport and insulin resistance. 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (sodium salt) can also inhibit key enzymes of energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex of young rats. The levels of 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid sodium are closely related to various diseases such as 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria, diabetes, and ketoacidosis.
IC50&Target
Human Endogenous Metabolite
体外研究
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (0.1-1 mM) sodium significantly inhibits respiratory chain complex I-III activity, total creatine kinase and mitochondrial creatine kinase activity, as well as Na+, K+- ATPase activity in the white layer homogenate of the brain.
分子式
C4H7O3.Na
分子量
126.09
CAS号
1219589-99-7
中文名称
3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid sodium
运输条件
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.